Aparteid essays

Aparteid essays The idea of apartheid started in South Africa around the year 1910. This all came about when Britain took over South Africa. The British thought that whites should be superior to all other races and that they should live better life styles than anyone that was not white. The rules of apartheid applied to all non - whites, and not just blacks even though blacks made up most of South Africa. The British split these non - whites into 3 racial catagories; Africans,Coloureds(those mixed of African and European descent), and Asians. Under the rules of Apartheid whites had a high standard of living while non - whites suffered from poverty and were very discriminated against. Apartheid was especially harsh on blacks. blacks could not vote and it was unheard of for a black person to be in politics. All non - whites had to carry a passbook that included information such as place of birth, date of birth, race, place of employment, and tax records. All non - whites were restricted to live on their designated reserve. The Native Land Act prevented non - whites from buying or owning land outside their reserve. The Group Areas Act divided 13 percent of South Africa into 10 homelands for black population. The rest of south Africa was reserved for whites. Coloureds and Asians lived within the white areas in segregated towns. Even though whites only took up one fifth of the population they still owned much more land than the four fifths of non - whites. Only one fourth of the whites lived on farms while the rest lived in cities. Almost all non - whites lived on farm areas and their homes were small huts made of sod and grass. They looked sort of like cone shaped beehives. These areas were called townships. Most blacks would leave their townships when they were teenagers to find work or to find land for mining. ...

New Deal essays

New Deal essays The stock market crash of 1929 helped launch the United States and many other nations into the worst economic depression in history. The severity of the Great Depression called for federal government programs to protect the general welfare of citizens. The New Deal programs created by Franklin D. Roosevelt provided the framework for the welfare state that still serves as a basis for American public policy. All aspects of American society suffered during the Great Depression. By 1932, there were thirteen million people unemployed. There was no security for the millions who lost all of their savings in the bank failure or stock market crash. Volunteer organizations attempted to help the needy, but their resources were simply not adequate. Hope seemed non-existent. Americans had never seen such a severe depression. They could not look to history for guidance. The New Deal was Roosevelts attempt to restore the economy. His willingness to act decisively and experiment with new policies set him apart from previous presidents. He often said, I have no expectation of making a hit every time I come to bat. What I seek is the highest possible batting average. In the first years of Roosevelts term he worked hard to empower the federal branch. The New Deal set the precedent for 20th century liberalism. The first order of business for the Roosevelt administration was financial reform. Banking is a crucial aspect of capitalism and Roosevelt was very aware of this fact. On his second day in office, Roosevelt called Congress to meet in a special session. The outcome was the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which permitted stable banks to reopen and provided managers to those who remained in trouble. The Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial and investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. These actions all helped restore banking confidence within American people. Roosevelt ensured that it was...

Critique Program Development Models-Adult Education Essay

Critique Program Development Models-Adult Education - Essay Example g and implementing educational strategies should culminate in behavioural change in individual learners and within learner groups and systems (Boone et al, 2002). The purpose of adult education programs is to enhance adults’ capacity to participate in society and improve their lives. An adult education program development model should have a clear statement of mission, philosophy, and goals that guides all aspects of program services. Further, it has to meet the needs of the program’s community, as well as the policies of its state and national funding agencies (Comings et al, 2006). The two theorists of adult education selected are: Stephen Brookfield (1986) and Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (1988). The program development models conceptualized by the above theorists are compared and contrasted below. According to Brookfield (1986), facilitators of adult learning should not adopt formulaic responses to widely varying situations. Avoiding orthodoxy, creative application of theory to the unique circumstances of the practice setting is advocated. The institutional model comprises of basic tenets of instructor-learner relationship, in whch the learner is in a submissive position, and is completely dependent on the instructor for achieving learning outcomes. In Knowles’ (1988) andragogical model of program development, there is shift in research and practice from a focus on teaching to a focus on learning. Thus a new emphasis on education was introduced, as a process of facilitating self-directed learning. Another principle is that life-long learning is considered as the organising principle for all education. Institutional culture, politics and technology will all play a part in impacting the program development process (Brookfield, 1986). Brookfield’s (1985) liberal model of adult education is institution-bound because it emphasizes principles of program design and the best use of available delivery systems, to plan a program to meet everyone’s needs.